How Muslims in Thailand Observe Ramadan: A Blend of Heritage and Modernity

Ramadan in Thailand is a season of spiritual renewal and social togetherness, blending centuries-old traditions with modern practices. From decorating mosques to communal iftars, the Muslim communities in Thailand make Ramadan a vibrant and spiritual celebration. Here’s a closer look at how this holy month is observed in a country where Muslims are a religious minority.

A Month of Mosque Beautification and Quran Celebrations

In Thailand, Ramadan is synonymous with rejuvenation. The month is marked by the inauguration of new mosques or the renovation and decoration of existing ones, especially in the southern provinces where the majority of Muslims reside.

The preparation for Ramadan often begins in Sha’ban with Quran memorization competitions. Those who recently completed their memorization are celebrated and honored at the beginning of Ramadan, and many are given the honor of leading prayers and reciting the Quran in mosques during this sacred month. This tradition reflects the pride and reverence the Muslim community in Thailand holds for Quranic studies.

Festivities and Decorations

As soon as the sighting of the crescent moon is confirmed by the Sheikh-ul-Islam of Thailand, celebrations begin across Muslim-majority areas such as Bangkok, the northern regions, and especially the southern provinces like Pattani, Narathiwat, and Yala.

In southern Thailand, Ramadan festivities start a week before the holy month. Families gather for outings, shop for essentials, and work together to clean and decorate mosques. The community spirit is further enhanced as families participate in moon-sighting gatherings in designated areas.

Communal Iftars: A Time of Sharing

The concept of communal iftars in Thai mosques takes two main forms:

1. 1. “Designated Tables”: Mosque organizers allocate specific tables for iftar, and individual families or donors prepare food for a table that serves five to six people. This practice allows for a diverse variety of dishes brought by different contributors.

1. 1. Unified Iftars: In this arrangement, the mosque organizes iftar meals where all tables serve the same food, often funded by charitable organizations from other Muslim-majority countries.

These gatherings foster a sense of unity, especially in the last ten days of Ramadan, when the frequency of communal meals increases.

The staple iftar menu features Southeast Asian favorites like rice, fish, soups, and salads, alongside refreshing drinks such as coconut water and sugarcane juice. Much like in the Arab world, families exchange Ramadan delicacies as a token of love and solidarity.

The Tradition of the “Bilal” and Drums

An age-old Ramadan tradition in southern Thailand involves drumming in mosques to announce iftar and suhoor times. The individual responsible for this was historically called the “Bilal,” named after Bilal ibn Rabah, the Prophet Muhammad’s (PBUH) muezzin. Although this practice has diminished with the advent of modern technology and loudspeakers, it remains a cherished memory for older generations.

Muslims in Thailand: A Brief Overview

Muslims make up about 5-6% of Thailand’s population, with a significant concentration in the southern provinces: Pattani, Yala, Narathiwat, Satun, and parts of Songkhla. These provinces are home to about 80% of Thailand’s Muslim population, primarily of Malay descent.

Other Muslim communities exist in provinces such as Phuket, Krabi, and Surat Thani, and in the capital, Bangkok, where many Muslims are descendants of forcibly displaced southern Muslims. Northern Thailand also has a smaller Muslim population, representing around 1% of the country’s Muslims.

A Historical Legacy: The Kingdom of Pattani

The vibrant Muslim culture in southern Thailand has deep roots in the historical Kingdom of Pattani, once a flourishing Islamic state in the Malay Archipelago. Historical records suggest Islam reached Pattani either in the early Islamic centuries or through Yemeni and Arab traders by the 13th century. The turning point came when Pattani’s king embraced Islam after being healed by a Muslim scholar.

The kingdom was a beacon of Islamic learning and culture, with its influence extending across Southeast Asia. However, Pattani’s independence ended in the 18th century when it was annexed by Thailand, and later divided between Thailand and British-controlled Malaysia under the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909.

A Struggle for Identity

The annexation of Pattani and subsequent uprisings left a lasting impact on the region’s Muslim population. In the 19th century, Thai forces suppressed several rebellions, demolishing mosques and schools and relocating Muslims to Bangkok, where many descendants live today.

Despite the challenges, the Muslim community in Thailand continues to thrive, preserving its heritage while adapting to modern times. Ramadan serves as a powerful reminder of their faith, resilience, and unity.